In 1941, Citizen Kane, an American drama film, was released. It starred Orson Welles who also directed it. Even today, movie magnates view ‘CK’ as one of the finest films in movie-making history. It was highly acclaimed for its music, its unique narration, and its ground-breaking cinematography.
Before the film was made, Welles was receiving accolades after his performances with the Mercury Players. He caught the attention of Hollywood moguls through his highly controversial radio program, War of the Worlds, in 1938. The next year he was signed on contract with RKO Pictures.
Although he was completely ‘untried’ as a film director, he was given a free hand to develop a story, pick the crew and cast, and even given ‘final cut’ privilege. After two disastrous first attempts, Welles and Herman Mankiewicz wrote the screenplay for CK.
The film was shot in 1940 and released by RKO Pictures in 1941. It was nominated in no less than 9 categories in the Academy Awards. Much to the delight of Welles and Mankiewicz, it won the award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay).
The movie is a roman a clef. This means that it describes real people and real life behind the disguise of fiction. CK scrutinizes the life of Charles Kane based on publishing magnate, William Randolph Hearst. It also studies the life of Welles himself.
Kane began his career in the publishing business because of a passion for the industry. However, over time, the passion became an obsessive desire for power. CK is narrated with flashbacks, and the story is exposed through a reporter attempting to solve the obscurity of Kane’s single dying word, ‘Rosebud’.
Although the movie was critically acclaimed, it was a box office disaster. It faded into oblivion for some years until French movie critics declared it to be outstanding. This sparked new interest and CK enjoyed a major revival in America during 1956. As before, critics agreed that indeed it was ‘the greatest film of all time’. It remained on leading film polls for another 50 years.
The cinematography was seen by film historians and scholars as Welles’ way of creating a new method of film making. The most unique aspect of CK was the prolonged use of deep focusing. In almost every scene, the background, foreground, and all in between, are in focus. This was achieved by the cinematographer after experimenting with lights and lenses.
Another unique element of the movie was the achievement of certain low angle shots. In the film, one can see ceilings in the background. Like all movies at the time, the film was shot on a sound stage which does not have a ceiling. How did they do it in CK?
The crew of Citizen Kane achieved this by draping muslin on the top of the set to create the effect of a room with a ceiling. The microphones were hidden on top of the muslin. Trenches were dug in the floor so that low angle shots could be used in the scene where Kane and Leland meet when after the elections. The role of Kane was played by Welles.
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